铸铁还原氯乙酸的影响因素与机制研究

氯乙酸是地表水与饮用水中一种常见的微量氯代有机污染,具有致癌性,浓度较高时对人体健康会产生一定的危害.为了更经济地去除水体中的氯乙酸,研究了铸铁废料去除氯乙酸的可行性,讨论了铁类型、预处理方法,振荡方式以及溶解氧等条件对还原效果的影响.结果表明传质过程比铁类型与酸处理对氯乙酸还原速率的影响更大.铸铁无氧去除三氯乙酸(TCAA)的主要产物为二氯乙酸(DCAA)而有氧存在时为一氯乙酸(MCAA).在纵向翻转下铸铁对氯乙酸的去除过程符合伪一级动力学,TCAA、DCAA与MCAA的无氧速率常数分别为0.46 h-1、0.03 h-1与0,有氧速率常数依次为1.24 h-1、0.79 h-1与0.28 h-1.不同氧含量环境中铸铁对氯乙酸的去除机制不同,无氧时为连续氢解,有氧时可能包括连续氢解与直接转化过程.     

黄浦江溶解有机质光学特性与消毒副产物NDMA生成潜能的关系

对黄浦江表层水样的过滤液进行紫外吸收光谱和荧光光谱扫描,并测定了溶解有机碳(DOC)、N-亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)及其生成潜能(NDMA-FP),探讨了黄浦江溶解有机质(DOM)的光学特性与消毒副产物NDMA生成潜能的关系.结果表明,黄浦江水中NDMA-FP随DOC浓度增加而增加(r=0.487,P<0.01),但与DOM的比吸收系数(SUVA254)和腐殖化指数(HIX)均呈负相关(r=-0.605,P<0.01;r=-0.396,P<0.01);NDMA-FP还与相对较低分子量的类酪氨酸、类色氨酸等类蛋白物质的荧光强度呈显著正相关(r=0.421,P<0.01;r=0.426,P<0.01),而与类腐殖质的荧光强度则呈显著负相关(r=-0.422,P<0.01).因此,黄浦江水中消毒副产物NDMA的生成潜能随着溶解有机质含量的增加而增加,特别是与DOM中的类蛋白组分含量密切相关,但随着DOM的芳香性和腐殖化程度的增强而减少.     

溶解氧对Biolak型A2O工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响

通过对Biolak型A2O工艺处理生活污水工程应用的研究,考察了好氧段溶解氧(DO)浓度对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验结果表明,DO浓度变化对系统COD、NH+4-N处理效果的影响不大,而对系统总氮及总磷的去除效果影响显著.当DO浓度控制在0.80~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统总氮去除效果最佳,可以达到69.5%,系统好氧段可实现同步硝化反硝化除氮.通过对系统氮进行物料衡算发现,23.7%的总氮通过好氧段多级A/O反硝化脱氮去除.当DO浓度为1.00~3.00 mg·L-1时,总磷(TP)去除率较高,可以达到74.0%.DO浓度控制在1.00~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统脱氮除磷效果最佳,此时TN、TP的去除率分别为68.9%、73.7%,二级生化处理段出水TN、TP分别为12.02、0.95 mg·L-1.     

夏季南海北部典型中尺度物理过程对营养盐及溶解氧分布特征的影响

依据2011年8月24日—9月5日对南海北部海域的现场调查,分析了涡旋这一典型中尺度物理过程对营养盐(NO-3-N,PO3-4-P,SiO2-3-Si)及溶解氧分布特征的影响.结果表明,夏季南海北部营养盐及溶解氧的分布受中尺度海洋过程的影响显著.在水平分布上,各项营养盐基本呈现近海高远海低的分布特征.东沙群岛附近海域由于受反气旋型涡旋的影响,反气旋型涡旋将珠江口水推至外海,使得东沙群岛附近海域呈现明显的高N、Si,低P的珠江口水特征.在断面分布上,位于珠江口附近海域的B、C断面营养盐浓度水平较低,表层低浓度营养盐向下扩张明显,营养盐浓度等深线也明显下移,其可能受到反气旋型涡旋中心区域的影响;而位于海南岛附近海域的D、F断面,底层低温高盐海水不断向上涌升,可能受到反气旋型涡旋边缘的影响,使得表层海水受到富含高浓度营养盐的底层海水的补充,为表层浮游植物的生长提供了丰富的物质基础.位于广东沿岸附近海域的A断面及东沙群岛附近海域的E断面则受季节性上升流的影响大于反气旋型涡旋的影响,表现出明显的低温、高盐、高P、低溶解氧的上升流特征.     

Reduction of DOM fractions and their trihalomethane formation potential in surface river water by in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration

This research was aimed at investigating the reduction of DOM fractions and their trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） by in-line coagulation with 0.1 μm ceramic membrane filtration. The combination of ceramic membrane filtration with a coagulation process is an alternative technology which can be applied to enhance conventional coagulation processes in the field of water treatment and drinking water production. The Ping River water （high turbidity water） was selected as the raw surface water because it is currently the main raw water source for water supply production in the urban and rural areas of Chiang Mai Province. From the investigation, the results showed that the highest percent reductions of DOC, UV-254, and THMFP （47.6%, 71.0%, and 67.4%, respectively） were achieved from in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration at polyaluminum chloride dosage 40 mg/L. Resin adsorption techniques were employed to characterize the DOM in raw surface water and filtered water. The results showed that the use of a ceramic membrane with in-line coagulation was able to most efficiently reduce the hydrophobic fraction （HPOA） （68.5%）, which was then followed by the hydrophilic fraction （HPIA） （49.3%）. The greater mass DOC reduction of these two fractions provided the highest THMFP reductions （55.1% and 37.2%, respectively）. Furthermore, the in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration was able to reduce the hydrophobic （HPOB） fraction which is characterized by high reactivity toward THM formation. The percent reduction of mass DOC and THMFP of HPOB by in-line coagulation with ceramic membrane filtration was 45.9% and 48.0%, respectively.     

Fractionation of heavy metals in runoff and discharge of a stormwater management system and its implications for treatment

A stormwater management system utilizing the mechanisms of sedimentation and filtration/infiltration was developed and constructed for the immobilization of suspended solids and heavy metal constituents （Fe, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni） in runoff. Monitoring took place between May 2010 and November 2012 on a total of 24 storm events. This research on the fractionation of heavy metals in runoff and discharge of a stormwater system provided insight on the actual efficiency of the system and determined the implications for treatment of the particulate-bound and dissolved heavy metals in runoff. Results revealed that the partitioning of heavy metal load in runoff in either dissolved or particulate-bound were influenced by flow rate and total suspended solids load, and evident in high-intensity storm （rainfall-runoff event）. On the other hand, the partitioning of heavy metal load discharge from the stormwater system was more apparent during the early period of discharge having higher variability in dissolved than particulate-bound heavy metal. Findings revealed that fractionation of heavy metals played an important role in the performance of the stormwater system; thus, must be considered in designing stormwater systems. For the stormwater system to be effective, it is recommended to design the system treating not only the early period of a storm （first flush criteria） rather until the peak part of the hydrograph （high flow rate where partitioning was greatest） from a load basis.     

Experimental study using the dilution incubation method to assess water biostability

Water biostability is of particular concern to water supply as a major limiting factor for heterotrophic bacterial growth in water distribution systems. This study focused on bacterial growth dynamics in the series dilution of water samples with TOC（total organic carbon） values determined beforehand. The results showed that the specific growth rate of Pseudomonas fluorescens P17 varied dramatically and irregularly with TOC value when TOC concentrations were low enough during the initial periods of incubation under given conditions. According to this relationship between bacterial growth rate and TOC, a dilution incubation method was designed for the study of water biostability. With the method under a given condition, a turning-point TOC value was found at a relatively fixed point in the curve between bacterial growth rate and TOC of water sample, and the variation of growth rate had different characteristics below the turning-point TOC value relative to that over this value. A turning-point TOC value similarly existed in all experiments not only with tap water, but also with acetate and mixed solutions. And in the dilution incubation method study, the affections were analyzed by condition factors such as inoculum amount,incubation time and nature of the organic carbon source. In very low organic carbon water environments, the variation characteristics of bacterial growth rate will be useful to further understand the meaning of water biostability.     

原子荧光光度法测定保健食品中硒的不确定度评定研究

根据(JJF 1059.1-2012),建立了原子荧光度法测定保健食品中硒不确定度数学模型,分析了整个过程中各种不确定度的影响因素。量化各不确定度分量,计算合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。为检测机构实验室质量管理体系正常运行提供参考资料。本次测量结果为0.822±0.04 mg/kg,合成相对不确定度值为0.022 7;扩展不确定度为0.04 mg/kg,最大的不确定度是样品重复测定引起,其次是标准曲线拟合引起的不确定度。     

两江交汇处水体溶解性有机质的吸收和荧光光谱特征:以渠江-嘉陵江、涪江-嘉陵江为例

利用三维荧光和紫外-可见吸收光谱手段,分析了渠江、涪江和嘉陵江交汇处水体DOM特征变化.结果表明,干支流各采样点水体DOM的FI值1.4,HIX值0.8,表现出明显陆源输入特征,整个研究区域水体混合模式为非保守混合,对交汇处水体DOM地化特征变化有一定贡献,但并非主导因素.河流沿岸不同土地利用类型对交汇处水体DOM特征改变有明显影响,聚类分析发现,所有采样点可分为两大类,一类为沿岸以森林和农田生态系统为主(渠江-嘉陵江交汇处),另一类为沿岸以城市用地为主(涪江-嘉陵江交汇处),前者向干流水体中输入芳香化程度和腐殖化程度较高的DOM,后者以浓度较高而结构相对较简单的DOM输入为主.此外,涪江-嘉陵江交汇处类蛋白质荧光组分信号增强,出现荧光T峰,表明人为活动对水体质量的影响明显.     

城市化进程对地下河中溶解态正构烷烃来源的影响

为了探明城市化进程影响下地下河溶解态正构烷烃(D-ALK)的组分特征,于2014年11月至2015年4月,分别对受不同程度城市化进程影响的老龙洞与青木关两条地下河出口(老龙洞口、姜家泉)进行采样,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GCMS)对样品中的D-ALK进行定量分析.结果表明,两地D-ALK碳数分布均为n C14~n C35.其中,姜家泉中的溶解态正构烷烃总量(DT-ALK)为102~356 ng·L~(-1),平均值为230 ng·L~(-1).2014年12月、2015年1月和4月,其正构烷烃碳数分布的峰型均为"单峰-前锋"型;LMH/HMH(n C-21/n C+22)为2.0~10;在n C14~n C25内碳优势指数(CPI14~25)为0.19~0.57,主碳峰均为C16(C_(max)16).2014年11月、2015年2月与3月,其碳数分布呈"双峰"形态,LMH/HMH与CPI14~25均小于1且C_(max)16;CPI24~35为1.2~23,C_(max)31或C_(max)33;Paq分别为0.2、0.7和0.1.其中,2014年11月与2015年3月的烷烃指数(AI)分别为0.95和0.98.老龙洞出口中的DT-ALK为110~697 ng·L~(-1),平均值为310 ng·L~(-1);各月碳数分布均呈现"单峰-前峰"峰型且C_(max)16,CPI14~25小于1.在旱季,由于受到不同人为活动的综合影响,以微生物输入为主的老龙洞中的溶解态正构烷烃在含量和组分的稳定性方面均大于以微生物和微生物、植物混合输入为主的姜家泉.